We briefly described role of probiotics in maintaining gut health & how do probiotics work. What are natural sources & symptoms of unhealthy & healthy gut
Long-term DPs play a large role in determining the selective environment that the gut microbiota faces, ultimately influencing the composition and diversity of taxa maintained within the gut microbial community
Americans consuming unrestricted diets maintained less diverse fecal microbiota than those of individuals adhering to a plant-rich diet with restricted caloric intake
Experiments in mice have shown that multigenerational exposure to a Western diet poor in “microbiota-accessible carbohydrates” can lead to extirpation of specific bacterial lineages
Diet is the key to gut microbe diversity. Gut microbes are key to maintaining optimal cellular metabolism. Nutrition can be a prescription for improving and reprogramming gut bacteria.
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The starting period of the LeanBiome program includes a detoxification process that effectively removes any accumulated ree radicals, toxins, fand oxidative stress. This cleansing enables improved blood circulation, setting the stage for the body to initiate its own fat-burning mechanisms. To enhance metabolic activity, introducing the lean bacteria contained in LeanBiome to your gut microbiome is a beneficial approach. This activation triggers r
Gut bacteria brain connection: animal study finds antibiotics early in life alter gut flora which effects young brain and alters behavior; probiotics with Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1 appears to blunt the altered Gut bacteria brain connection.
A study by Bosi and colleagues suggested that the increased gut permeability preceded the clinical onset of T1D
gut permeability may be an important player in the development of T1D but, as yet, the findings in human studies have shown association but causation will be more difficult to prove.
Early childhood (≤ 3 month) introduction to cereals [10, 11] and cow's milk [48] were shown to promote beta cell autoimmunity
These findings suggest that prebiotics and probiotics could be potential therapeutic tools to improve gut integrity in various intestinal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including T1D
Akkermansia muciniphila found to increase the integrity of the gut mucosal lining. Important in gut healing and likely a good biomarker of good/bad gut health and integrity.
New study finds that head injury alters gut bacteria. This destroys the isolated systems thinking of traditional medicine. This is the gut-grain connection, but in REVERSE.
Gut health the key to longevity? Or just and effect? Sorry, just abstract available. The authors found similarities in the gut commensal population of centurions in China and Italy.
Only abstract available here: Gut bacteria, lactobacillus reuteri, could be the key to colon cancer prevention through inflammation control. What is fascinating is how the gut bacteria influenced epigenetic expression of histidine decarboxylase to increase histamine production.
small study finds diet rich in whole grains compared to refined grains improves gut bacteria balance and immune system. Maybe the key to optimal gut health is the diet?
The intra-testicular level of testosterone in GF mice was found to be significantly lower than in SPF and CBUT mice
This study establishes a novel role for the commensal gut microbiota in the regulation of testicular development and function
Absence of the normal microbiota influences the formation and the integrity of the BTB as well as the intra-testicular levels of testosterone and serum levels of LH and FSH.
Nutritional, socioeconomic, lifestyle and environmental factors (among others) are involved in the regulation of normal spermatogenesis.
he gut microbiota is one such potential source of environmental factors/products that has developed an intimate symbiotic relationship with host's physiology.
Manipulation of the gut microbiotia through dietary modification, pre- and probiotics can therefore be beneficial for the host's reproductive health.
In the current study, colonizing GF mice with CBUT resulted in an increased sperm production, suggesting that bacterial products, e.g. of fermentation, directly or indirectly, can affect the testis.
the absence of gut microbiota influenced testosterone levels
A recent study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of the probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri increased and restored testosterone levels in aging mice
bacterial metabolites such as butyrate have been shown to increase the levels of LH [43] and FSH
This suggests that butyrate most likely regulates testosterone production at the testicular level by stimulation of gene expression in Leydig cells and with little or no effect at the pituitary- hypothalamic levels.
gut microbes have a role in the host's metabolic homeostasis
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Associations between circulating LPS level, consumption of a high-fat diet and the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been confirmed in humans
associations have been proposed between high-fat diet, metabolic endotoxemia and levels of inflammatory markers (TLRs and SOCS3) in mononuclear cells
A link between energy intake (high-fat diet) and metabolic endotoxemia has also been described
high-fat diet induces metabolic endotoxemia in healthy individuals.
metabolic endotoxemia is associated with systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in pregnant women with obesity
A growing amount of evidence indicates that changes in the integrity of the intestinal barrier occur both in the proximal and the distal part of the gut, which can contribute to the entrance of LPS into the systemic circulation
intestinal endocannabinoid system
The low-grade systemic inflammation that characterizes the obese phenotype is controlled by peptides that are produced in the gut. These peptides are influenced by the presence or absence of the gut microbiota
these findings suggest that the gut microbiota modulates the biological systems that regulate the availability of nutrients, energy storage, fat mass development and inflammation in the host, which are all components of the obese phenotype
good look of how the the gut health, or lack there of, can influence energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. This article points to the presence of LPS playing a role in metabolic endotoxemia. It does discuss the importance of the microbiota and their possible role in the low-grade systemic inflammation condition that is obesity.
The microbiota of the large intestine plays an important role in host metabolism and
maintenance of host health
Our results defining a standard adult profile, together with previous reports, showed
that C. leptum, C. coccoides, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium represent the four dominant groups of the adult fecal microbiota
Sub-dominant groups are Lactobacilli Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, Sporomusa, Atopobium as well as other bacterial groups including Clostridium clusters XI, XIVb, and XVIII
In infant fecal microbiota, we observed Bifidobacterium as the dominant group
this observation is strongly related to diet, being enhanced by breast
feeding
Significant higher numbers
of Bifidobacterium were observed in infants versus adults and seniors
the gastrointestinal tract
is first colonized by facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli
Strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium, colonize at later stages, as can be seen by the relatively low levels of C. leptum and C. coccoides in infants
diet
change must be considered among the primary causes for such a shift of microbiota
between infants and adults.
In the case of elderly subjects, our qPCR results indicated a significant increase
in the counts of E. coli when compared to adults. This data is consistent with other publications indicating
that elderly subjects harbor a different E. coli microbiota profile compared to younger adults
a number of authors reported a reduction
in the numbers and diversity of many protective commensal anaerobes, such as Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria
The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was already shown to be of significant relevance in signaling human gut microbiota
status
Our measurements of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in adults obtained by our species-specific qPCR are in agreement with those
obtained by Ley et al
Compared with young adults, the elderly have a different digestive physiology, characterized
at a physiological level by a reduction in transit and of digestive secretions
The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio undergoes an increase from birth to adulthood and is further altered with advanced
age
Good discussion of the gut microbiome. Age effects the gut bacteria balance. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio increases from young, to young adult, to the elderly in this study. Is this simply a reflection of aging or is the a biomarker that can be changed through diet and targeted probiotics?
GELDING theory (Gut Endotoxin Leading to a Decline IN Gonadal function)
trans-mucosal passage of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut lumen into the circulation is a key inflammatory trigger underlying male hypogonadism
Obesity and a high fat/high calorie diet are both reported to result in changes to gut bacteria and intestinal wall permeability, leading to the passage of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide- LPS) from within the gut lumen into the circulation (metabolic endotoxaemia), where it initiates systemic inflammation.
Endotoxin is known to reduce testosterone production by the testis, both by direct inhibition of Leydig cell steroidogenic pathways and indirectly by reducing pituitary LH drive, thereby also leading to a decline in sperm production.
HFD found to alter gut bacteria with increase in weight gain. A return to normal diet did not see a return to the previous gut bacteria balance. Subsequent HFD resulted in a significantly higher weight gain than the first.
Gut bacteria in the cecum and large intestine produce SCFAs mainly from nondigestible carbohydrates that pass the small intestine unaffected
plant cell-wall polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches
inulin shifted the relative production of SCFAs from acetate to propionate and butyrate
age of approximately 3–4 years, when it becomes mature
SCFAs affect lipid, glucose, and cholesterol metabolism
colonocytes, the first host cells that take up SCFAs and which depend largely on butyrate for their energy supply
the microbiota educate the immune system and increase the tolerance to microbial immunodeterminants
the microbiota act as a metabolic organ that can break down otherwise indigestible food components, degrade potentially toxic food compounds like oxalate, and synthesize certain vitamins and amino acids
a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy
The general idea is that colonocytes prefer butyrate to acetate and propionate, and oxidize it to ketone bodies and CO2
Exogenous acetate formed by colonic bacterial fermentation enters the blood compartment and is mixed with endogenous acetate released by tissues and organs (103, 104). Up to 70% of the acetate is taken up by the liver (105), where it is not only used as an energy source, but is also used as a substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids and as a cosubstrate for glutamine and glutamate synthesis
SCFAs regulate the balance between fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipolysis in the body.
Fatty acid oxidation is activated by SCFAs, while de novo synthesis and lipolysis are inhibited
obese animals in this study showed a 50% reduction in relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (i.e., acetate and propionate producers), whereas the Firmicutes (i.e., butyrate producers) were proportionally increased compared with the lean counterparts.
increase in total fecal SCFA concentrations in obese humans.
In humans the distinct relation between the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and obesity is less clear.